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Apply Smith and Lewis's paradox theory to identify and manage organizational tensions across performing, organizing, belonging, and learning dimensions. Use this skill when the user needs to diagnose persistent either/or tensions, design dynamic equilibrium strategies that embrace both poles, or when they ask 'why does solving this problem make it worse', 'how do we pursue exploration AND exploitation simultaneously', or 'why do our strategic tensions keep recurring despite resolution attempts'.

Apply Kuhn's paradigm theory to analyze scientific progress through the cycle of normal science, anomalies, crisis, and revolution. Use this skill when the user needs to understand why a field resists change, trace paradigm shifts in a discipline, analyze incommensurability between competing frameworks, or when they ask 'why do scientists ignore contradictory evidence', 'how do scientific revolutions happen', or 'why can't proponents of different paradigms agree'.

Apply panel data analysis with fixed effects, random effects, and dynamic GMM to exploit longitudinal variation and control for unobserved heterogeneity. Use this skill when the user has repeated observations over time for multiple entities, needs to choose between FE and RE via Hausman test, or when they ask 'how do I control for firm-specific effects', 'fixed or random effects', or 'how to handle endogeneity in panels'.

Apply organizational ecology (Hannan and Freeman) to analyze population-level dynamics of organizational founding, failure, and selection. Use this skill when the user needs to explain industry-level patterns of birth and death rates, analyze structural inertia and liabilities of newness or aging, evaluate why adaptation is rare relative to selection, or when they ask 'why do most startups fail', 'why is this industry dominated by old firms', or 'why do organizations resist change despite environmental pressure'.

Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages. Use this skill when the user needs to decide whether to invest abroad, choose between FDI modes (wholly-owned subsidiary, joint venture, licensing), or explain why a firm internationalizes through FDI rather than export or licensing.

Apply network economics to analyze markets with network effects, critical mass dynamics, and platform competition. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate tipping points, lock-in risks, switching costs, or standards wars, especially in technology platforms and two-sided markets.

Apply narrative research methods to understand human experience through stories, analyzing narrative structure, temporality, and meaning-making in life stories and oral histories. Use this skill when the user needs to analyze how people construct meaning through storytelling, examine narrative structure and plot, conduct life story or oral history research, or when they ask 'how do stories shape identity', 'how do I analyze a life narrative', or 'what does this story reveal about experience'.

Apply the Modigliani-Miller theorem to analyze capital structure decisions and identify when financing choices affect firm value. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate debt-equity tradeoffs, assess the impact of leverage on firm value, understand tax shield benefits, or when they ask 'does capital structure matter', 'should we take on more debt', or 'what is the optimal leverage ratio'.

Design and conduct mixed methods research using convergent, explanatory sequential, or exploratory sequential strategies with genuine integration of qualitative and quantitative strands. Use this skill when the user needs to choose a mixed methods design, integrate qualitative and quantitative data at design, methods, or interpretation levels, justify mixing on pragmatist grounds, or when they ask 'which mixed methods design should I use', 'how do I integrate qual and quant findings', or 'is running both qual and quant enough to be mixed methods'.

Apply meta-analysis to synthesize effect sizes across multiple studies, assess heterogeneity, and evaluate publication bias. Use this skill when the user needs to combine findings from prior research, compare fixed-effect vs random-effects models, compute pooled effect sizes, or when they ask 'what does the overall evidence say', 'how do I combine results across studies', or 'is there publication bias'.

Apply mechanism design (reverse game theory) to engineer incentive-compatible rules for allocation problems. Use this skill when the user needs to design auctions, voting systems, or matching markets, or when evaluating whether a proposed mechanism satisfies incentive compatibility and individual rationality constraints.

Apply the DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model to evaluate IS effectiveness through six interdependent dimensions. Use this skill when the user needs to assess system quality, information quality, or service quality of an IS, diagnose why users are dissatisfied, measure net benefits of a system investment, or when they ask 'how do we measure IS success', 'why are users unhappy with this system', or 'is our system delivering value'.

Apply the Bass Diffusion Model (1969) to forecast innovation adoption using innovation and imitation coefficients. Use this skill when the user needs to forecast new product adoption curves, estimate market penetration timing, calibrate launch strategy based on diffusion dynamics, or when they ask 'how fast will this spread', 'when does adoption take off', or 'what is the expected S-curve'.

Apply information economics to diagnose and remedy market failures caused by asymmetric information. Use this skill when the user needs to analyze adverse selection, moral hazard, or signaling and screening mechanisms, especially in insurance, labor, credit, or product quality markets.

Apply Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to analyze nested data structures with random intercepts and slopes, accounting for intra-class correlation and cross-level interactions. Use this skill when the user has students nested in schools, employees in firms, or repeated measures in individuals, needs to partition variance across levels, or when they ask 'how do I handle nested data', 'what is ICC', or 'do group-level factors moderate individual-level relationships'.

Habitual Domain (HD) theory by Taiwanese scholar P.L. Yu (游伯龍, 1977) — integrates four domains (potential/actual/reachable/activated), eight general hypotheses, seven-layer decision structure, and nine HD-expansion tools to analyze decision blind spots, break cognitive inertia, and support cross-domain integration. Use for diagnosing why alternatives are invisible, decision paralysis, breaking cognitive frames, or explaining perception gaps between people. Triggers: 『思維框架』『打破盲點』『創新思考』『決策盲區』『跨域整合』『游伯龍』『習慣領域』『HD 理論』『七層決策』『四領域』『八大通性』『P.L. Yu』. Especially for NYCU EMBA HD course, 政大科管所, 中山企管系 decision-analysis/innovation/leadership courses. Taiwan-origin theory cited in J. Optimization Theory, Theory & Decision, Human Systems Management.

Apply Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss) to build theory inductively from qualitative data through open, axial, and selective coding. Use this skill when the user needs to develop new theory from data rather than test existing hypotheses, conduct theoretical sampling and constant comparison, determine when theoretical saturation is reached, or when they ask 'what theory explains this phenomenon', 'how do I code qualitative data systematically', or 'when do I stop collecting data'.

Apply governance theory to analyze multi-level, network, and collaborative governance arrangements beyond traditional government. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate public-private partnerships, analyze multi-stakeholder governance structures, compare governance models across sectors, or assess institutional arrangements for collective decision-making — even if they say 'who governs this', 'public-private collaboration', or 'how are decisions made across organizations'.

Apply framing theory to analyze how selection, emphasis, and exclusion shape interpretation of issues. Use this skill when the user needs to deconstruct media or organizational frames, evaluate how different frames affect audience perception and decision-making, or design strategic communication frames — even if they say 'how is this issue being portrayed', 'why do people see this differently', or 'how should we frame this message'.

Apply flow theory to diagnose optimal experience conditions and design environments that balance challenge and skill for sustained engagement. Use this skill when the user needs to explain why users disengage from tasks, optimize task difficulty for peak performance, design learning progressions or gamification systems, or when they ask 'why do people lose focus', 'how to design for engagement', or 'what conditions produce peak performance'.

Apply Bourdieu's field theory to analyze power relations through the interplay of field, capital, and habitus. Use this skill when the user needs to map positions and position-takings within a social field, analyze how different forms of capital (economic, cultural, social, symbolic) structure competition, explain why actors behave as they do within institutional settings, or when they ask 'why do people in this industry act this way', 'who has power and why', or 'how does this field reproduce inequality'.

Apply the Fama-French three-factor model to decompose asset returns into market, size, and value factors. Use this skill when the user needs to explain cross-sectional return differences, evaluate fund performance beyond CAPM alpha, assess small-cap or value tilts in a portfolio, or when they ask 'why do small caps earn more', 'is value premium real', or 'what factors drive returns'.

Apply event study methodology to measure abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around corporate or market events. Use this skill when the user needs to quantify the market impact of announcements, design event and estimation windows, or when they ask 'did this event affect stock price', 'how do I calculate abnormal returns', or 'what is the market reaction to this announcement'.

Apply ethnographic methods including prolonged engagement, participant observation, thick description, and netnography to study cultures and communities. Use this skill when the user needs to design fieldwork with immersive observation, interpret cultural practices through thick description, study online communities via netnography, or when they ask 'how do I study a culture or community', 'what is participant observation', or 'how do I apply ethnography to online settings'.

Apply the Efficient Market Hypothesis (Fama, 1970) to evaluate information incorporation in asset prices across weak, semi-strong, and strong forms. Use this skill when the user needs to assess market efficiency, determine if a trading strategy can generate abnormal returns, evaluate event studies, or when they ask 'can technical analysis work', 'does the market already know this', or 'is this anomaly exploitable'.

Apply Granovetter's embeddedness theory to analyze how economic behavior is embedded in ongoing social relations, avoiding both over-socialized and under-socialized accounts. Use this skill when the user needs to explain why market transactions deviate from pure economic rationality, analyze how trust and social ties shape business dealings, evaluate structural vs relational embeddedness in inter-firm networks, or when they ask 'why do firms prefer existing partners over cheaper alternatives', 'how do social relationships shape economic outcomes', or 'is this market truly arms-length'.

Apply the Elaboration Likelihood Model to design persuasion strategies by matching message type to audience elaboration level. Use this skill when the user needs to craft persuasive communications, choose between argument-based and cue-based messaging, predict attitude durability after a campaign, or when they ask 'why did the message fail to persuade', 'how to change resistant attitudes', or 'should we use data or endorsements'.

Apply dual-process theory to diagnose whether judgments arise from fast intuitive (System 1) or slow analytical (System 2) processing and identify resulting cognitive biases. Use this skill when the user needs to explain why quick decisions go wrong, design choice architectures that account for cognitive defaults, audit decision processes for heuristic errors, or when they ask 'why do people misjudge probability', 'how to reduce snap-judgment errors', or 'when does intuition fail'.

Apply Christensen's Disruptive Innovation theory to assess low-end and new-market threats to incumbents. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate whether a new entrant poses a disruptive threat, analyze why incumbents fail against inferior-but-cheaper alternatives, or design a disruption strategy targeting overserved customers.

Apply the three-level framework of digital transformation — Digitization, Digitalization, and Digital Transformation — to diagnose and plan organizational change enabled by digital technologies. Use this skill when the user needs to assess an organization's digital maturity, distinguish between automating processes versus transforming business models, plan a DX roadmap, or when they ask 'where are we on digital transformation', 'is this digitization or real transformation', or 'how do we build a DX strategy'.

Apply Difference-in-Differences (DID) to estimate causal treatment effects by comparing changes in outcomes between treatment and control groups. Use this skill when the user evaluates policy interventions, natural experiments, or regulatory changes, needs to test parallel trends, or when they ask 'did this policy work', 'how do I identify causal effects without randomization', or 'what is the treatment effect'.

Apply Porter's Diamond Model to analyze national competitive advantage for a specific industry. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate why certain nations dominate particular industries, assess a country's attractiveness for industry investment, or diagnose gaps in national competitiveness using the four determinants plus government and chance.

Apply cultivation theory (Gerbner) to analyze how long-term media exposure shapes worldviews. Use this skill when the user needs to study cumulative media effects on audience beliefs, evaluate mainstreaming and resonance phenomena, or assess how media consumption patterns correlate with perceptions of social reality — even if they say 'does watching news make people more fearful', 'how does media shape worldview', or 'mean world syndrome'.

Apply Bhaskar's critical realism to analyze phenomena through three ontological domains (real, actual, empirical), identify generative causal mechanisms via retroduction, and examine structure-agency interplay. Use this skill when the user needs to go beyond surface correlations to underlying causes, design research that distinguishes mechanisms from events from experiences, or when they ask 'what causes this beyond the observed pattern', 'what structures enable or constrain this behavior', or 'how do I move from correlation to causal explanation'.

Apply the Co-opetition Value Net framework (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1996) to map cooperative and competitive dynamics in business relationships. Use this skill when the user needs to identify complementors, analyze the PARTS framework, or design strategies that simultaneously cooperate and compete with the same players.

Apply contract theory to design incentive-compatible agreements under moral hazard and adverse selection. Use this skill when the user needs to structure principal-agent contracts, evaluate compensation schemes, or analyze incomplete contract problems where parties cannot specify all contingencies ex ante.

Apply constructivist learning theory to design instruction based on active knowledge construction, scaffolding, and the zone of proximal development. Use this skill when the user needs to design learner-centered instruction, apply Vygotsky's ZPD or scaffolding principles, or evaluate learning environments for constructivist alignment — even if they say 'how do people really learn', 'student-centered design', or 'scaffolding for learners'.

Apply Cognitive Load Theory to optimize instructional design by managing intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load within working memory limits. Use this skill when the user needs to diagnose why learners are overwhelmed, redesign training or documentation for better comprehension, evaluate UI/UX information architecture for cognitive burden, or when they ask 'why is this tutorial confusing', 'how to simplify complex instructions', or 'what causes information overload'.

Apply Consumer Culture Theory to analyze consumption as a cultural practice shaped by identity, marketplace cultures, and ideology. Use this skill when the user needs to interpret consumer behavior through cultural lenses, analyze brand communities or subcultures of consumption, decode marketplace ideologies, or when they ask 'why do consumers behave this way culturally', 'what does this consumption mean', or 'how does identity shape buying'.

通用开发的 Review 方法 owner；mode=design 审查实现前方案与验收设计，mode=implementation 审查已验证产物；返回 findings 和返工目标，不修改产物或执行发布。

通用开发生命周期的「开发实现」阶段 owner；当目标、证据和适用设计已经明确且需要修改产物时使用，负责以单一路径完成实现和迭代检查，不负责最终验证、Review 或交付发布。

Design and execute marketing A/B tests for landing pages, email campaigns, ad creatives, and pricing with proper test design and result analysis. Use this skill when the user needs to test marketing variations, improve conversion rates through experimentation, or decide between two campaign approaches — even if they say 'which version performs better', 'test this landing page', 'A/B test our email subject line', or 'should we change our CTA'.

Apply case study research design (Yin) to investigate how and why questions within real-life contexts using single or multiple case designs and triangulation. Use this skill when the user needs to choose between single and multiple case designs, apply holistic versus embedded units of analysis, triangulate evidence from multiple sources, or when they ask 'how should I structure a case study', 'single or multiple cases', or 'how do I ensure validity in case research'.

Apply Complex Adaptive Systems theory to analyze phenomena exhibiting emergence, self-organization, co-evolution, and edge-of-chaos dynamics. Use this skill when the user needs to understand why a system behaves unpredictably despite known components, model agent-based interactions that produce emergent outcomes, analyze fitness landscapes, or when they ask 'why does this system behave in ways no one designed', 'how do local interactions create global patterns', or 'why do small changes sometimes cause massive system shifts'.

Apply Moore's business ecosystem framework to analyze how firms co-evolve through four stages (birth, expansion, authority, renewal) and occupy different ecosystem roles. Use this skill when the user needs to map ecosystem dynamics in a platform or industry, evaluate keystone vs dominator strategies, assess ecosystem health, or when they ask 'what stage is this ecosystem in', 'how should we position in this ecosystem', or 'why is this ecosystem declining despite having a dominant player'.

Apply brand equity frameworks (Aaker, 1991; Keller, 1993) to assess and build customer-based brand value. Use this skill when the user needs to audit brand strength, diagnose brand equity components, design brand-building strategies, or when they ask 'how strong is our brand', 'what drives brand value', or 'how do we build brand equity'.

Apply the Born Global framework to analyze firms that internationalize rapidly from inception under resource constraints. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate whether a startup or SME can pursue early internationalization, identify the capabilities enabling born globals, or design a resource-constrained international market entry strategy.

Apply Bloom's revised taxonomy to classify learning objectives and design assessments across six cognitive levels. Use this skill when the user needs to write learning objectives at specific cognitive levels, align assessment with instructional goals, or evaluate curriculum for cognitive complexity distribution — even if they say 'how to write learning objectives', 'what level of thinking does this require', or 'higher-order thinking skills'.

Apply behavioral finance theory to identify systematic investor biases and their impact on asset prices. Use this skill when the user needs to analyze irrational market behavior, explain pricing anomalies through cognitive biases, diagnose investor decision errors, or when they ask 'why do investors hold losers too long', 'how does loss aversion affect pricing', or 'what biases drive this market pattern'.

Apply auction theory to compare the four canonical auction formats and assess revenue equivalence. Use this skill when the user needs to choose an auction format, evaluate bidding strategies, or determine when revenue equivalence breaks down due to risk aversion, asymmetry, or correlated values.

Apply Actor-Network Theory (Latour, Callon) to trace how human and non-human actors (actants) form networks through translation processes. Use this skill when the user needs to map sociotechnical assemblages, analyze how innovations stabilize or fail through network-building, trace the four moments of translation (problematization, interessement, enrollment, mobilization), or when they ask 'how did this technology become accepted', 'who and what holds this network together', or 'why did this innovation fail to gain traction'.

Apply organizational ambidexterity theory to balance exploration and exploitation activities. Use this skill when the user needs to diagnose whether an organization is over-exploiting or over-exploring, design structures that support both innovation and efficiency, or evaluate the tension between short-term performance and long-term renewal.

Apply AI ethics frameworks (fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy) to evaluate AI systems for algorithmic bias, explainability gaps, and value alignment failures. Use this skill when the user needs to audit an AI system for ethical risks, design fairness constraints, assess explainability requirements, or when they ask 'is this AI system fair', 'how do we detect algorithmic bias', 'what are the ethical implications of this AI deployment', or 'how do we make this model explainable to stakeholders'.

Apply agenda-setting theory (McCombs & Shaw) to analyze how media salience transfers to public perception. Use this skill when the user needs to study media influence on public opinion priorities, evaluate issue salience transfer across media and public agendas, or design communication strategies that leverage agenda-setting effects — even if they say 'why is everyone talking about this topic', 'how does media shape public priorities', or 'which issues get attention and why'.

Apply Affordance Theory (Gibson, 1979; Norman, 1988) to analyze the action possibilities that an artifact provides to an actor. Use this skill when the user needs to evaluate technology design from an affordance perspective, identify why users struggle with an interface, analyze IT-enabled organizational change through affordance actualization, or when they ask 'what does this technology afford', 'why can't users figure out this feature', or 'how does technology enable new practices'.

Apply action research through Plan-Act-Observe-Reflect cycles and Participatory Action Research (PAR) to generate knowledge while improving practice. Use this skill when the user needs to design practitioner research that integrates inquiry with intervention, facilitate participatory research with stakeholders, structure iterative improvement cycles, or when they ask 'how do I research my own practice', 'how do I involve participants as co-researchers', or 'how do I combine research with practical change'.

Build three-statement financial models (Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow) with revenue forecasting, assumption management, and scenario analysis. Use this skill when the user needs to project financials, build a fundraising model, create financial projections for a business plan, or evaluate M&A targets — even if they say 'build a financial model', 'project our revenue', 'how much money will we make next year', or 'model this acquisition'.

M&A integration playbook covering eight modules: strategic rationale, target screening, due diligence (financial/legal/commercial), valuation with valuation bridge, synergy analysis, deal structuring (stock vs. asset, cash vs. equity, earn-out), SPA key clauses, and post-merger integration (PMI). Use for deal evaluation, valuation disputes, structure design, earn-out design, synergy breakdown, integration risk, or hostile takeover defense. Triggers: 『併購』『收購』『M&A』『盡職調查』『DD』『估值橋』『綜效』『earn-out』『換股比例』『PMI』『買殼』『借殼上市』『敵意併購』『交易結構』. For Taiwan EMBA 財管組 case studies and term reports (台大／政大／陽交). Complements Asgard `biz-dcf` and `fin-modeling` (valuation tools) plus `biz-corporate-governance` (governance layer) by providing the transaction-layer framework.

Summarize and analyze earnings calls (法說會) including financial highlights, management commentary, guidance, and analyst Q&A key takeaways. Use this skill when the user needs to digest an earnings call transcript, extract key financial data and forward guidance, compare actual results vs consensus estimates, or prepare for an investor meeting — even if they say 'summarize this earnings call', 'what did management say about next quarter', 'did they beat estimates', or 'key takeaways from the 法說會'.

Apply supply and demand analysis to explain price determination, market equilibrium, and the effects of policy interventions. Use this skill when the user needs to analyze how prices are set in a market, predict the effect of taxes/subsidies/price controls, or understand shifts in supply or demand curves — even if they say 'why did the price go up', 'what happens if the government sets a price cap', or 'how does a tariff affect the market'.